The first scale designated to measure characteristics of impostor phenomenon was designed by Clance in 1985, called the Clance impostor phenomenon scale (CIP). Impostor phenomenon is not recognized in the DSM or ICD, although both of these classification systems recognize low self-esteem and sense of failure as associated symptoms of depression. It is a phenomenon (an experience) that occurs in an individual, not a mental disorder. Impostor phenomenon is studied as a reaction to particular stimuli and events. ( October 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. The researchers determined that the women who experienced impostor phenomenon showcased symptoms related to depression, generalized anxiety, and low self-confidence. Clance and Imes believed that this mental framework for impostor phenomenon developed from factors such as: gender stereotypes, early family dynamics, culture, and attribution style. The participants explained how their success was a result of luck, and others simply overestimating their intelligence and abilities. Despite the consistent evidence of external validation, these women lacked the internal acknowledgement of their accomplishments.
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All of the participants had been formally recognized for their professional excellence by colleagues, and had displayed academic achievement through degrees earned and standardized testing scores. The researchers investigated the prevalence of this internal experience by interviewing a sample of 150 high-achieving women in the United States. Impostor experience may be accompanied by anxiety, stress, rumination, or depression. Ĭlance and Imes defined impostor phenomenon as an individual experience of self-perceived intellectual phoniness. Further research showed that imposter syndrome in occurs in both men and women.
The term impostor phenomenon was introduced in an article published in 1978, entitled "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention" by Pauline R. People with this form often do not seek help for their issues, because they see their problems as not worthy of psychiatric attention. Certain individuals may see themselves as less ill (less depressed, less anxious) than their peers or other mentally ill people, citing their lack of severe symptoms as the indication of no or a minor underlying issue. Impostor syndrome also occurs in the context of mental illness and its treatment. While early research focused on the prevalence among high-achieving women, impostor syndrome has been recognized to affect both men and women equally. Based on this syndrome, continuing doubts about people and individual defense mechanisms are considered difficult to achieve healthy relationships. Impostor syndrome also occurs in normal human-to-human relationships. Individuals with impostorism incorrectly attribute their success to luck or the Matthew effect, for example, or they incorrectly interpret it as a result of deceiving others into thinking they are more intelligent than they perceive themselves to be. Despite external evidence of their competence, those experiencing this phenomenon remain convinced that they are frauds and do not deserve all they have achieved. Impostor syndrome (also known as impostor phenomenon, impostorism, fraud syndrome or the impostor experience) is a psychological pattern in which an individual doubts their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a "fraud". It's common for impostors to feel their true identity will be revealed under their "fraudulent" mask
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